Freeze-drying is the process of removing water or other solvents from frozen biological products by sublimation. Sublimation refers to the process by which a solvent, like water, goes directly from a solid to a gas without going through a liquid state, like dry ice. The product of freeze-drying is called lyophilizer, and the process is called lyophilization. While traditional drying destroys the cells and causes the material to shrink, the structure of the sample is not destroyed in the freeze-drying process because the solid components are supported by the ice on their sites. As the ice sublimates, it leaves pores in the dry remaining material. This preserves the integrity of the product's biological and chemical structure and its activity. In the laboratory, freeze-drying has many different uses, it is indispensable in many biochemical and pharmaceutical applications, it is used to obtain long-term preservation of biological materials, such as microbial cultures, blood, enzymes, drugs, in addition to long-term preservation stability, but also retain their inherent biological activity and structure. For this reason, freeze-drying is used to prepare tissue samples for structural studies (such as electron microscopy), and it is also used in chemical analysis to obtain a dried sample, or to concentrate the sample to increase the sensitivity of the analysis. Freeze-drying makes the sample composition stable and does not need to change the chemical composition, which is an ideal analysis aid.
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